A Comprehensive Review on Dry Eye Syndrome
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33974/abs5ts63
Keywords:
Dry eye syndrome, tear film instability, inflammation, ocular surface disease, meibomian gland dysfunction, IPL therapy, ocular diagnosticsAbstract
Dry Eye Syndrome (DES), also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca, is a complex and multifactorial ocular surface disorder characterized by tear film instability, increased tear osmolarity, ocular surface inflammation, and neurosensory abnormalities. It affects millions of individuals globally, with symptoms ranging from dryness, irritation, burning sensation, and foreign body sensation, to more severe visual disturbances and chronic discomfort. The pathogenesis of DES involves disruption in one or more layers of the tear film lipid, aqueous, or mucin which can be triggered by environmental factors, systemic diseases, hormonal changes, prolonged screen exposure, or use of certain medications. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic methods, and therapeutic options available for the management of DES. Special attention is given to current diagnostic tools such as tear film break-up time (TBUT), Schirmer’s test, ocular surface staining, tear osmolarity measurement, and inflammatory biomarkers like MMP-9. In terms of treatment, the review highlights the role of FDA-approved medications such as cyclosporine (Restasis®, Cequa®), lifitegrast (Xiidra®), and corticosteroids (Eysuvis®), as well as over-the-counter lubricants, mucin secretagogues, and preservative-free artificial tears. Emerging treatment modalities such as autologous serum eye drops, intense pulsed light (IPL) therapy, neurostimulation devices, and regenerative biologics are also discussed, reflecting the shift towards personalized and targeted approaches. With DES becoming increasingly common due to lifestyle and environmental changes, its management necessitates a multimodal and evidence-based strategy that combines pharmacological therapy, procedural interventions, and patient education for optimal clinical outcomes.
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