A Comprehensive Review on Nasal Drug Delivery System
Keywords:
Nasal drug delivery, Intranasal route, Nanoparticles, Mucoadhesive systems, BioavailabilityAbstract
Nasal drug delivery has developed as a promising alternative route for the administration of both systemic and local medications, due to its non-invasive nature, rapid onset of action, and potential to bypass first-pass metabolism. Drug absorption is made easier by a mucosal surface that is highly vascularized in the nasal cavity. The nasal cavity offers a highly vascularized mucosal surface, facilitating drug absorption through various mechanisms, including transcellular, paracellular, and receptor-mediated transport. To improve bioavailability and extend drug retention in the nasal mucosa, numerous dosage forms, including solutions, suspensions, gels, emulsions, nanoparticles, and microparticles, have been developed. To enhance drug absorption and stability, excipients like mucoadhesive polymers, permeation enhancers, and enzyme inhibitors are included. However, advanced formulation strategies, such as lipid-based carriers, nano formulations, and in situ gelling systems, are required to address issues like mucociliary clearance, enzymatic degradation, and limited drug permeability. Pain management, hormone therapy, vaccine administration, and the treatment of respiratory and central nervous system (CNS) disorders are just a few examples of the many therapeutic applications of nasal drug delivery. Due to the possibility of enhanced systemic absorption, intranasal delivery of biologics like proteins and peptides has also received attention. Nasal drug delivery has some drawbacks, including the possibility of mucosal damage with long-term use, nasal irritation, and variability in drug absorption due to physiological conditions. Further research is needed to overcome these challenges through innovative formulations and delivery technologies. Overall, nasal drug delivery remains a highly promising and evolving field with significant potential for improved patient outcomes and therapeutic efficacy.
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